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Mabda'a aasaasiga ah ee anteenada

Mabda'a aasaasiga ah ee anteenadu waa in qulqulka-soo noqnoqda sare uu dhaliyo beddelka koronto iyo birlab ku wareegsan.Marka loo eego aragtida Maxwell ee goobta elektromagnetic-ka, "isbeddelka goobaha korontadu waxay abuuraan dhulal birlab ah, beddelidda goobaha magnetic waxay abuuraan goobo koronto".Marka ay xamaasadu sii socoto, faafinta signalka wirelesska ayaa la xaqiiqsaday.

Helitaanka isku-dhafka

Saamiga wadarta guud ee awoodda wax gelinta anteenada waxaa loo yaqaannaa wadarta faa'iidada ugu badan ee anteenada.Waa milicsi aad u dhammaystiran oo ku saabsan ka faa'iidaysiga waxtarka leh ee anteenada ee wadarta awoodda RF marka loo eego isku-xidhka tooska ah ee anteenada.Oo lagu muujiyey decibels.Waxa xisaab ahaan lagu caddayn karaa in faa'iidada ugu badan ee anteenadu ay la mid tahay wax soo saarka isku xidhka tooska ah ee anteenada iyo hufnaanta anteenada.

Waxtarka anteenada

Waa saamiga quwadda ay anteenadu soo saarto (taas oo ah, awoodda si wax ku ool ah u beddesha qaybta mawjadda korantada) ee tamarta firfircoon ee anteenada.Had iyo jeer way ka yar tahay 1.

Hirarka anteenada polarization

Mawjada Electromagnetic waxay ku socotaa meel bannaan, haddii jihada fiilada korantada ay sii socoto ama wareegeyso si waafaqsan xeer gaar ah, tan waxaa loo yaqaan 'polarization wave', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan hirar polarization antenna, ama wave polarized.Caadi ahaan waxa loo qaybin karaa polarization diyaarad (oo ay ku jiraan polarization horizontal iyo polarization vertical), polarization wareeg ah iyo elliptical polarization.

Jihada polarization

Jihada beerta korantada ee mowjadda korantada ee polarized waxaa loo yaqaan jihada polarization.

Dusha sareynta

Diyaaradda ay samaysatay jihada dabaysha iyo jihada faafinta mawjadda korantada ee polarised waxaa loo yaqaannaa diyaaradda dabaysha.

Polarization toosan

Polarization of mowjadaha raadiyaha, inta badan la dhulku sida dusha caadiga ah.Mawjada polarization ee dusha sare ee polarization ay la mid tahay diyaaradda caadiga ah ee dhulka (diyaarad toosan) waxaa loo yaqaan hirarka polarization vertical.Jihada beerteeda korontodu waa mid siman dhulka.

Polarization Horizontal

Mowjadda polarization-ka ee ku toosan dusha caadiga ah ee dhulka waxaa loo yaqaan hirarka polarization horizontal.Jihada beerteeda korontodu waxa ay barbar socotaa dhulka.

Diyaaradda polarization

Haddii jihada polarization ee hirarka korantada magnetka ay ku sii jirto jiho go'an, waxaa loo yaqaan polarization diyaarad, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan polarization linear.Polarization-ka diyaaradda waxa laga heli karaa qaybaha korantada ee isbarbar-bar-bar-dhiga dhulka (qaybta horizontal) iyo toosan xagga sare ee dhulka, kuwaas oo ballaciisu uu leeyahay cabbir qaraabo ah oo aan sabab lahayn.Polarization toosan iyo mid toosan labaduba waa kiisas gaar ah oo ku saabsan polarization diyaarad.

Kala soocida goobada

Marka xagasha u dhaxaysa diyaaradda polarization iyo diyaaradda caadiga ah ee geodetic ee mowjadaha raadiyaha ayaa isbeddelaya 0 ilaa 360 ° si xilliyo ah, taas oo ah, cabbirka goobta korantada waxba isma bedelin, jihada ayaa isbeddelaysa waqti, iyo jihada dhamaadka fiilada beerta korontada waxa loo saadaaliyaa sidii goobaabin diyaarada oo toosan jihada faafinta, waxa loo yaqaan polarization wareeg ah.Kala soocida wareegtada ah waxaa la heli karaa marka qaybaha toosan iyo kuwa toosan ee goobta korantada ay leeyihiin baaxad siman iyo kala duwanaanshiyaha wejiga ee 90° ama 270°.Wareegtada wareegta ah, haddii dusha sare ee polarization-ku uu wareego waqti oo uu leeyahay xidhiidh sax ah oo wareeg ah oo leh jihada fidinta hirarka korantada, waxa loo yaqaan polarization-ka saxda ah;Taas lid ku ah, haddii xiriirka rogrogmada bidix, ayaa sheegay in polarization wareegtada bidix.

Elliptical polarized

Haddii xagasha u dhaxaysa dayuurada polarization mowjadda raadiyaha iyo diyaaradda caadiga ah ee geodetic ay isbeddesho xilliyo kala duwan 0 ilaa 2π, iyo jihada dhamaadka vector-ka korantada loo saadaaliyo sida ellipse ee diyaaradda oo siman jihada faafinta, waxaa loo yaqaan 'ellipse'. polarization.Marka baaxadda iyo wejiga qaybaha toosan iyo kuwa jiifka ah ee goobta korantada ay leeyihiin qiimayaal aan loo meel dayin (marka laga reebo marka labada qaybood ay siman yihiin), polarization elliptic ayaa la heli karaa.

Anteeno mowjad dheer, anteeno mawjad dhexdhexaad ah

Waa erey guud oo gudbinta ama helista anteenooyinka ka shaqeeya xadhkaha hirarka dheer iyo kuwa dhexe.Mowjadaha dhaadheer iyo kuwa dhexe waxay u kala baxaan sida hirarka dhulka iyo hirarka cirka, kuwaas oo si joogto ah uga dhex muuqda ionosphere iyo dhulka.Marka loo eego sifadan faafinta, anteenooyinka hirarka dheer iyo kuwa dhexe waa inay awoodaan inay soo saaraan mowjado toosan.Anteenada hirarka dheer iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah, nooca toosan, nooca L rogan, nooca T iyo dallada nooca anteenada dhulka toosan ayaa aad loo isticmaalaa.Anteenooyinka hirarka dheer iyo kuwa dhexe waa inay lahaadaan shabakad dhulka oo wanaagsan.Waxaa jira dhibaatooyin badan oo farsamo oo badan oo ku jira anteenada hirarka dheer iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah, sida dherer yar oo waxtar leh, iska caabin shucaac hooseeya, hufnaan hoose, band baas cidhiidhi ah iyo iskudhafka jihada yar.Si loo xalliyo dhibaatooyinkan, qaabka anteenadu inta badan waa mid aad u adag oo aad u weyn.

Anteeno gaaban

Anteenooyinka gudbinta ama helaya ee ku shaqeeya band mowjadda gaaban waxa si wada jir ah loogu yeedhaa anteenooyinka hirarka gaaban.Hirarka gaaban waxaa inta badan gudbiya hirarka cirka oo ay ka muuqato ionosphere waana mid ka mid ah hababka muhiimka ah ee isgaarsiinta raadiyaha fog ee casriga ah.Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo anteeno gaaban ah, oo ay ka mid yihiin anteenada simmetrical ah, anteeno toosan oo wajiga ku jirta, anteeno labajibbaaran, anteeno xagal, anteeno V-qaabeeya, anteenada rhombus, anteenada kalluunka iyo wixii la mid ah.Marka la barbardhigo anteenada mawjadda dheer, anteenada gaaban waxay leedahay faa'iidooyinka dhererka waxtarka leh ee sarreeya, caabbinta shucaaca sare, waxtarka sare, jihaynta wanaagsan, faa'iidada sare iyo baasaaska ballaaran.

Anteenada mawjada Ultrashort

Anteenooyinka gudbinta iyo soo-qaadista ee ku shaqeeya band wave ultrashort waxaa loo yaqaan anteenooyinka ultrashort wave.Mowjadaha Ultrashort waxay inta badan ku socdaalaan hirarka hawada sare.Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo anteeno ah oo noocan oo kale ah, oo ay ka mid yihiin anteenada Yaki ee loogu isticmaalo, anteenada saxan, anteeno labajibbaaran, "garabka fiidmeerta" anteenada gudbinta TV-ga iyo wixii la mid ah.

anteenada Microwave

Anteenooyinka gudbinta ama helaya ee ka shaqeeya xadhkaha hirarka hirarka mitirka, wave decimeter, wave sentimitir iyo hirar millimitir ayaa si wada jir ah loogu tilmaamaa anteenooyinka microwave-ka.Microwave inta badan waxay kuxirantahay fidinta mowjadaha hawada sare, si loo kordhiyo masaafada isgaadhsiinta, anteenada ayaa la dhigay meel sare.Anteenada microwave-ka, anteenada paraboloid-ka ee sida weyn loo isticmaalo, anteenada gees-ka-socota, anteenada geesaha, anteenada lens-ka, anteenada godadsan, anteenada dielectric, anteenada periscope iyo wixii la mid ah.

anteenada jihada

Anteenada jihada ah waa nooc anteeno ah oo gudbisa oo hesha hirarka korantada ee hal ama dhowr jiho gaar ahaan si xoog leh, halka ay gudbiso oo ay hesho hirarka korantada ee jihooyinka kale waa eber ama aad u yar.Ujeedada isticmaalka anteenada gudbinta jihada waa in la kordhiyo isticmaalka waxtarka leh ee awoodda shucaaca iyo kordhinta sirta.Ujeedada ugu weyn ee loo isticmaalo anteenada hesha jihada waa in la kordhiyo awoodda ka hortagga faragelinta.

Anteeno aan jiho lahayn

Anteenada ka soo baxda ama u hesha hirarka korantada ee si isku mid ah jiho kasta waxaa loo yaqaan anteenada aan jihayn, sida anteenada jeedal ee loo isticmaalo mishiinka isgaarsiinta yar, iwm.

Anteeno ballaaran

Anteenada jihadadeeda, is-hortaagga iyo dabeecadaha polarization-ka ay ku sii jiraan ku dhawaad ​​bandowga ballaaran waxaa loo yaqaan anteeno ballaaran.Anteenada hore ee ballaaran waxay leedahay anteeno rhombus ah, anteeno V, anteeno mawjad laba jibaaran, anteeno kooneedka diskka, iwm.

Hagaajinta anteenada

Anteenada leh jiho hore loo sii go'aamiyay oo kaliya ee ku jirta band soo noqnoqda oo cidhiidhi ah waxaa loo yaqaan anteenada toosan ama anteenada jihada toosan.Caadi ahaan, jihada anteenada la hagaajiyay waxay ahaanaysaa mid joogto ah ilaa 5 boqolkiiba guutada u dhaw inta jeer ee ay hagaajinayso, halka wareegyada kale ay jihadu isbedesho ilaa isgaadhsiintu xumaato.Anteenooyinka la hagaajiyay kuma habboona isgaarsiinta mowjadaha gaagaaban ee leh wareegyo doorsooma.Anteeno toosan oo isku mid ah, anteeno laablaaban iyo anteeno zigzag ah ayaa dhammaantood ah anteenooyin toosan.

Anteeno taagan

Anteenada taagan waxa loola jeedaa anteenada la dhigay si toos ah dhulka.Waxay leedahay foomamka asymmetric iyo asymmetric, kan dambena aad ayaa loo isticmaalaa.Anteenooyinkooda toosan ayaa inta badan la quudiyaa bartamaha.Anteenada toosan ee asymmetric-ka ah waxay quudisaa inta u dhaxaysa anteenada hoose iyo dhulka, jihadeeda ugu badan ee shucaaca waxay ku urursan tahay jihada dhulka marka dhererkiisu ka yar yahay 1/2 mawjadaha, sidaas darteed waxay ku habboon tahay baahinta.Anteenada tooska ah ee asymmetric waxa kale oo loo yaqaan anteenada dhulka toosan.

Shub anteeno L

Anteeno la sameeyay iyada oo ku xidhaysa hogaanka toosan hal daraf oo silig siman.Sababtoo ah qaabka uu u eg yahay xarafka Ingiriisiga L oo kor u kacaya, waxaa loo yaqaannaa anteenada L rogan.γ xarafka Ruushku waa xagga dambe ee L ee xarafka Ingiriisiga.Sidaa darteed, anteenada nooca γ waa mid ku habboon.Waa nooc anteeno ah oo taagan.Si loo hagaajiyo waxtarka anteenada, qaybteeda jiifka ah waxay ka koobnaan kartaa dhawr fiilood oo lagu habeeyey isla diyaarada siman, shucaaca ay qaybtan soo saartayna waa la iska indhatiraa, halka shucaaca ay soo saarto qaybta toosan uu yahay.Anteenooyinka L rogay ayaa guud ahaan loo isticmaalaa isgaarsiinta hirarka dheer.Faa'iidooyinkeedu waa qaab-dhismeed fudud iyo kacsi habboon;Khasaarooyinku waa raad weyn, adkeysi xumo.

anteenada T

Bartamaha siligga jiifka ah, waxaa ku xiran ledh toosan, kaas oo u qaabeysan xarafka Ingiriisiga T, sidaas darteed waxaa loo yaqaannaa T-anteenada.Waa nooca ugu badan ee anteenada toosan.Qaybta jiifka ee shucaaca waa mid aan la dayacin, shucaaca waxaa soo saaray qaybta toosan.Si loo hagaajiyo waxtarka, qaybta jiifka sidoo kale waxay ka koobnaan kartaa wax ka badan hal silig.Anteenada T-qaabaysan waxay leedahay astaamo la mid ah anteenada L-qaabaysan ee rogan.Waxaa guud ahaan loo isticmaalaa isgaarsiinta hirarka dheer iyo hirarka dhexdhexaadka ah.

Anteenada dallada

Dusha sare ee hal silig oo toosan, dhowr kirishbooyeyaal oo leexleexsan ayaa loo hoganayaa jiho kasta, si qaabka anteenadu uu u ekaado dalladda furan, sidaas darteed waxaa loogu yeeraa anteenada dallada.Sidoo kale waa nooc anteeno ah oo taagan.Sifooyinkeeda iyo isticmaalkeeda waxay la mid yihiin anteenooyinka L-iyo T-qaabeeya.

Anteeno karbaash

Anteenada karbaashku waa anteeno toosan oo dabacsan, taas oo guud ahaan dhererkeedu yahay 1/4 ama 1/2 mawjada.Inta badan anteenooyinka karbaashku waxay isticmaalaan shabag halkii ay ka isticmaali lahaayeen silig dhulka ah.Anteenooyinka karbaashyada yaryar waxay inta badan u isticmaalaan qolofka birta ee idaacada yar sida shabakad dhulka ah.Mararka qaarkood si loo kordhiyo dhererka waxtarka leh ee anteenada karbaashka, qaar ka mid ah garbaha yaryar ee ku hadla ayaa lagu dari karaa xagga sare ee anteenada karbaashka ama inductance ayaa lagu dari karaa dhammaadka dhexe ee anteenada karbaash.Anteenada karbaashka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa mishiin yar oo isgaarsiineed, mashiinka wada sheekaysiga, raadiyaha baabuurta, iwm.

Anteeno summadeedka

Laba fiilood oo dhererkoodu le'eg yahay, oo ka go'ay xarunta oo lagu xidhay quudin, ayaa loo isticmaali karaa gudbinta iyo helitaanka anteenooyinka, anteenada noocaas ah waxaa loo yaqaan anteenaha summeeyayaasha.Sababtoo ah anteenooyinka waxaa mararka qaarkood loogu yeeraa oscillators, anteenooyinka simmetrical sidoo kale waxaa loogu yeeraa oscillators symmetrical, ama anteenooyinka dipole.Oscillator-summetric ah oo wadar ahaan dhererkiisu yahay nus mawjadaha waxaa loo yaqaan oscillator-ka-mawjada, sidoo kale loo yaqaan anteeno-mawjadda-nus dipole.Waa anteenada curiyaha aasaasiga ah iyo tan ugu isticmaalka badan.Anteenooyin badan oo adag ayaa ka kooban.Oscillator-ka-mawjada badhku wuxuu leeyahay qaab-dhismeed fudud iyo quudin habboon.Waxa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa isgaadhsiinta goobta u dhow.

Anteenada qafiska

Waa anteeno jihaysan oo daciif ah oo ballaadhan.Waa dhululubo godan oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin dhawr fiilooyin halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen hal unug shucaac silig ah oo ku jira anteeno sumaysan, sababtoo ah shucaaca jidhka ayaa qaabaysan, waxaana loo yaqaannaa anteenada qafis.Qaybta hawlgalka ee anteenada qafiska waa ballaadhan tahay oo si fudud loo habayn karo.Waxay ku habboon tahay isgaadhsiinta khadka jirridda ee fogaanta fog.

Anteenada geeska

Waxay ka tirsan tahay nooc anteeno summeeyey, laakiin labadiisa gacmood kuma habaysan yihiin xariiq toosan, oo 90° ama 120° xagal, waxa loo yaqaan anteeno xagal.Anteenada noocaan ah guud ahaan waa qalab toosan, jihayntiisu muhiim maaha.Si loo helo sifooyinka band ee ballaaran, labada gacmood ee anteenada xagasha waxay sidoo kale qaadan karaan qaabka qafiska, oo loo yaqaan anteenada qafiska xagasha.

Waxay u dhigantaa anteenada

Ku-laabashada oscillators-ka anteenooyinkooda isbar-bar yaaca waxaa loo yaqaan anteeno laalaaban.Waxaa jira dhowr nooc oo anteeno laba-geesood ah oo la beddelay, anteeno saddex-xarig ah oo beddeshay iyo anteenno badan oo silig la beddelay.Marka la foorarsado, hadda ee barta u dhiganta ee xariiq kasta waa inuu ahaadaa isla weji isku mid ah.Meel fog laga soo bilaabo, anteenada oo dhan waxay u egtahay anteeno summeeyey.Laakiin marka la barbar dhigo anteenada summeerka, shucaaca anteenada la beddelay waa la wanaajiyey.Cidhiidhiga galitaanka ayaa kordha si loo fududeeyo isku xirka quudiyaha.Anteenada isku laabma waa anteeno toosan oo cidhiidhi ah inta jeer ee shaqaynaysa.Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa mawjada gaaban iyo ultrashort mawjada.

V anteenada

Anteenada oo ka kooban laba fiilo oo xagal isku ah oo qaabaysan xarafka V. Terminalku waxa uu noqon karaa mid furan ama ku xidhan iska caabin la mid ah cidhiidhiga sifada anteenada.Anteenada V-qaabaysan waa mid jiho ah oo jihada gudbinta ugu badan waxay ku taal diyaaradda toosan ee xariiqda xagasha.Khasaareheedu waa hufnaan hoose iyo raad weyn.

anteenada Rhombic

Waa anteeno ballaran.Waxay ka kooban tahay DIAMOND toosan oo ku sudhan afar tiir, mid dheemanka ka mid ah wuxuu ku xiran yahay quudiyaha xagal ba'an, kan kalena wuxuu ku xiran yahay caabbinta terminal oo la mid ah cilladda sifaha anteenada dheemanka.Waa unidirectional diyaaradda toosan oo tilmaamaysa jihada iska caabinta terminalka.

Faa'iidooyinka anteenada rhombus waa faa'iido sare, jihayn xooggan, band ballaaran, fududahay in la dejiyo oo la ilaaliyo;Khasaaruhu waa raadkii weynaa.Ka dib anteenada rhomboid-ka ay qallafsan tahay, waxaa jira saddex nooc oo anteeno rhomboid ah oo laba jibaaran, anteenada rhomboidka jawaabteeda iyo laabi anteenada rhomboidka.Anteenada Rhombus guud ahaan waxaa lagu isticmaalaa xarumaha mawjadaha gaagaaban ee dhexdhexaadka ah iyo kuwa waaweyn.

Anteenada koorta saxan

Waa anteeno mowjad ultrashort ah.Sare waa saxan (jirka shucaaca), oo lagu quudiyo xariiqda udub-dhexaadka ah ee xariiqda coaxial, iyo hoose waa koon, oo ku xiran kooraska dibadda ee xariiqda coaxial.Saamaynta koontu waxay la mid tahay tan dhulka aan dhammaadka lahayn.Beddelidda xagasha leexinta kolayta waxay bedeli kartaa jihada shucaaca ugu badan ee anteenada.Waxa ay leedahay xaddi xad dhaaf ah oo aad u ballaadhan.