Horumarinta joogtada ah iyo hagaajinta tignoolajiyada meelaynta dayax-gacmeedka, tignoolajiyada meelaynta saxda ah ee saxda ah ayaa lagu dabaqay dhammaan qaybaha nolosha ee nolosha casriga ah, sida sahaminta iyo samaynta, beeraha saxda ah, uav, darawalnimada aan cidi wadin iyo qaybaha kale, tignoolajiyada meelaynta saxda ah ee saxda ah meel walba waa laga arki karaa.Gaar ahaan, iyada oo la dhammaystirayo shabakadda jiilka cusub ee nidaamka dayax-gacmeedka ee Beidou iyo imaanshaha xilligii 5G, horumarka joogtada ah ee Beidou + 5G ayaa la filayaa inuu kor u qaado codsiga tignoolajiyada meelaynta saxda ah ee dhinacyada jadwalka jadwalka garoonka diyaaradaha. , Baaritaanka robotka, la socodka gaadiidka, maamulka saadka iyo qaybaha kale.Xaqiijinta tignoolajiyada meelaynta saxda ah ee saxda ah waa mid aan kala sooc lahayn taageerada anteenada saxda ah ee saxda ah, algorithm saxda ah ee saxda ah iyo kaadhka sare ee saxda ah.Warqadani waxay inta badan soo bandhigaysaa horumarinta iyo adeegsiga anteenada saxda ah ee saxda ah, heerka tignoolajiyada iyo wixii la mid ah.

1. Horumarinta iyo codsiga anteenada saxda ah ee GNSS

1.1 Anteeno-sax sare

Gudaha GNSS, anteenada saxda ah ee saxda ah waa nooc anteeno ah oo leh shuruudo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay xasilloonida xarunta wajiga anteenada.Badanaa waxaa lagu daraa guddi sax ah oo sarreeya si loo xaqiijiyo meelaynta saxda ah ee heerka sentimitir ama heerka millimitirka.Naqshadeynta anteenada saxda ah ee saxda ah, sida caadiga ah waxaa jira shuruudo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay tilmaamayaasha soo socda: antennae ballac, faa'iidooyin sare oo hooseeya, aan wareeg ahayn, isugeynta dhibicda duubista, saamiga hore iyo gadaal, awoodda anti-multipath, iwm. si toos ah ama si dadban u saameeya xasiloonida xarunta wajiga ee anteenada, ka dibna saamayn saxnaanta meelaynta.

1.2 Codsiga iyo kala soocida anteenada saxda ah ee saxda ah

Anteenada saxda ah ee GNSS ayaa markii hore loo isticmaalay goobta sahaminta iyo khariidaynta si loo gaadho saxnaanta meelaynta heerka millimitirka ee habka sare u qaadida injineernimada, khariidaynta muuqaalka iyo sahaminta xakamaynta kala duwan.Iyada oo tignoolajiyada meelaynta saxda ah ee saxda ah ay noqoto mid qaan-gaar ah, anteenada saxda ah ee saxda ah ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu dabaqaa qaybo badan oo badan, oo ay ku jiraan xarunta tixraaca hawlgalka joogtada ah, la socodka qallafsanaanta, la socodka dhulgariirka, cabbiraadda sahaminta iyo samaynta, baabuurta aan duuliyaha lahayn (uavs), meelaha saxda ah beeraha, wadista otomaatiga ah, tababarka wadista imtixaanka wadista, mishiinada injineernimada iyo meelaha kale ee warshadaha, codsiyada kala duwan ee shuruudaha index ee anteenada ayaa sidoo kale leh faraqa muuqda.

1.2.1 Nidaamka CORS, la socodka qallafsanaanta, kormeerka seismic - anteenada saldhigga tixraaca

saxnaanta sare ee anteenada loo isticmaalo saldhigga tixraaca hawlgalka joogtada ah, iyada oo loo marayo indho-indheynta muddada-dheer ee macluumaadka goobta saxda ah, iyo iyada oo loo marayo nidaamka isgaarsiinta xogta ee gudbinta xogta waqtiga-dhabta ah ee u gudbinta xarunta kantaroolka, qaladka goobta xarunta xakamaynta xisaabinta ka dib cabirrada hagaajinta si kor loogu qaado nidaamka ciidda, iyo star in waas enhance system, iwm, si ay u diraan fariimaha qalad rover (macmiilka), Ugu dambeyntii, user ayaa heli kara macluumaad iskudubarid sax ah [1].

Codsiga kormeerka qallafsanaanta, kormeerka dhulgariirka iyo wixii la mid ah, sababtoo ah baahida loo qabo in si sax ah loola socdo qadarka cilladaha, ogaanshaha cilladaha yaryar, si loo saadaaliyo dhacdooyinka masiibooyinka dabiiciga ah.

Sidaa darteed, naqshadeynta anteeno sax ah oo sarreeya oo loogu talagalay codsiyada sida saldhigga tixraaca hawlgalka joogtada ah, kormeerka qallafsanaanta iyo kormeerka seismic, tixgelinta ugu horreysa waa inay noqotaa xasilloonideeda wejigeeda wanaagsan iyo awoodda faragelinta multi-multipath, si loo helo waqtiga dhabta ah ee saxda ah. macluumaadka booska nidaamyada kala duwan ee la xoojiyay.Intaa waxaa dheer, si ay u bixiyaan inta badan xuduudaha sixitaanka satellite sida ugu macquulsan, anteenadu waa in ay helaan inta badan dayax-gacmeedka sida ugu macquulsan, afar nidaamka band soo noqnoqda buuxa noqday qaabeynta caadiga ah.Codsiga noocan oo kale ah, anteenada saldhiga tixraaca (anteenada saldhiga tixraaca) ee daboolaya dhammaan band afarta hab waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa anteenada isha ee nidaamka.

1.2.2 Sahanka iyo maabaynta - Anteenada sahanka ee ku dhex jirta

Dhinaca sahanka iyo khariidaynta, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la naqshadeeyo anteeno sahamineed oo ku dhex jirta oo ay fududahay in la dhex galo.Anteenada waxaa badanaa lagu dhex dhisaa meesha ugu sareysa ee soo-dhowrka RTK si loo gaaro meelaynta saxda ah ee waqtiga-dhabta ah iyo meelaynta saxda ah ee sahaminta iyo khariidaynta.

Ku-dhisnaanta daboolida anteenada cabbiraadda tixgelinta ugu weyn ee naqshadeynta xasilloonida soo noqnoqda, daboolka daboolka, xarunta wajiga, cabbirka anteenada, iwm, gaar ahaan adeegsiga shabakadda RTK, oo lagu dhex daray 4 g, bluetooth, WiFi dhammaan netcom dhisay- cabbiraadda anteenada si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u haysataa saamiga ugu weyn ee suuqa, tan iyo markii la bilaabay 2016 inta badan soosaarayaasha qaata RTK, si weyn ayaa loo dabaqay oo loo dalacsiiyay.

1.2.3 Imtixaanka wadista iyo tababarka wadista, wadista aan cidi wadin - anteenada cabbiraadda dibadda

Nidaamka tijaabada wadista dhaqameedku wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin badan, sida kharashka soo-gelinta ballaaran, hawlgalka sare iyo kharashka dayactirka, saameyn weyn oo deegaanka ah, saxnaanta hoose, iwm. Qiimaynta caqliga leh, iyo saxnaanta qiimayntu waa sarraysaa, taas oo aad u yaraynaysa kharashka bini'aadamka iyo agabka imtixaanka wadista.

Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, habka wadista darawalnimada ee aan duuliyaha lahayn ayaa si degdeg ah u horumaray.Wadista aan cidi wadin, tignoolajiyada meelaynta ee meelaynta saxda ah ee RTK iyo meelaynta dhex dhexaadinta ee meelaynta ayaa inta badan la qaataa, taas oo gaadhi karta saxnaanta meelaynta sare inta badan deegaanka.

Imtixaanka wadista imtixaanka wadista, sida nidaamyada aan duuliyaha lahayn, inta badan anteenada waxaa lagu qiyaasaa qaabka dibadda, baahida loo qabo in la shaqeeyo inta jeer, anteeno badan oo isdaba-joog ah oo leh nidaam badan ayaa gaari kara saxnaanta meelaynta sare, calaamadda multipath waxay leedahay xannibaad gaar ah, iyo deegaan wanaagsan. la qabsiga, waxay noqon kartaa mid muddo dheer loo isticmaalo jawiga bannaanka iyada oo aan guuldarro la kulmin.

1.2.4 UAV - Anteenada uav-sax-sare

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, warshadaha uav ayaa si degdeg ah u horumaray.Uav ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalay ilaalinta dhirta beeraha, sahaminta iyo khariidaynta, ilaalinta khadka korantada iyo xaaladaha kale.Xaaladahan oo kale, kaliya ku qalabaysan anteeno sax ah ayaa xaqiijin karta saxnaanta, hufnaanta iyo badbaadada hawlgallada kala duwan.Sababo la xiriira sifooyinka xawaaraha sare, culeyska fudud iyo dulqaadka gaaban ee uav, naqshadeynta anteenada saxda ah ee uav waxay inta badan diiradda saartaa miisaanka, cabbirka, isticmaalka korontada iyo arrimo kale, waxayna xaqiijisaa naqshadeynta ballaaran ee suurtogalka ah sida ugu fog ee suurtogalka ah ee dhismaha hubinta. miisaanka iyo xajmiga.

2, heerka tignoolajiyada anteenada GNSS gudaha iyo dibadaba

2.1 Xaaladda hadda jirta ee tignoolajiyada anteenada sare ee saxda ah

Cilmi-baaris shisheeye oo ku saabsan anteenada saxda ah ee saxda ah ayaa bilawday goor hore, waxaana la soo saaray taxane ah alaabooyin anteeno sax ah oo tayo sare leh oo leh waxqabad wanaagsan, sida GNSS 750 anteenada ceejinta ee NoVatel, anteenada taxanaha Zepryr ee Trimble, anteenada Leica AR25, iwm. kuwaas oo ay jiraan foomamka anteeno badan oo leh muhiimad cusub oo cusub.Sidaa darteed, waagii hore muddo dheer, suuqa anteenooyinka sare ee Shiinaha ayaa ka baxay keli-taliska alaabada shisheeye.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, iyada oo kor u kaca ee tiro badan oo ka mid ah soo saarayaasha gudaha, GNSS ajnabiga ah waxqabadka anteeno-sax sare asal ahaan faa'iido ma leh, laakiin saarayaasha saxda ah ee gudaha gudaha ayaa bilaabay in ay ballaariyaan suuqa dalalka shisheeye.

Intaa waxaa dheer, qaar ka mid ah soosaarayaasha anteenooyinka cusub ee GNSS ayaa sidoo kale sameeyay sanadihii ugu dambeeyay, sida Maxtena, Tallysman, iwm, kuwaas oo alaabtoodu ay u badan yihiin anteenooyinka GNSS yar yar ee loo isticmaalo uav, baabuurta iyo nidaamyada kale.Foomka anteenada sida caadiga ah waa anteeno microstrip ah oo leh anteeno wareeg ah oo dielectric sare ah ama afar-gacmood.Tiknooloojiyada naqshadeynta anteenada noocan oo kale ah, soo-saareyaasha ajnabiga ah ma laha faa'iido, alaabooyinka gudaha iyo kuwa ajnabiga ah ayaa galaya xilliga tartanka isku midka ah.

2.2 Xaaladda hadda jirta ee tignoolajiyada anteenada sare ee gudaha

Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, tiro ka mid ah soo saarayaasha anteenooyinka sare ee gudaha ayaa bilaabay inay koraan oo ay dejiyaanvelop, sida Huaxin Antenna, Zhonghaida, Dingyao, Jiali Electronics, iwm, kuwaas oo soo saaray taxane ah oo sax ah oo alaabta antenna ah oo madax banaan xuquuqda hantida aqooneed.

Tusaale ahaan, berrinkii anteeno saldhigga tixraaca iyo anteenada cabbirka ku dhex dhisan, anteenada choke 3D ee HUaxin iyo anteenada buuxda ee netcom ma aha oo kaliya inay gaaraan heerka hogaaminta caalamiga ah ee waxqabadka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay la kulmaan shuruudaha codsiyada deegaanka ee kala duwan oo leh isku halaynta sare. nolol dheer iyo guuldarro aad u hooseeya.

Warshadaha baabuurta, uav iyo warshadaha kale, tignoolajiyada naqshadaynta anteenada cabbiraadda dibadda iyo anteenada wareega afar-gacan ayaa ilaa xad bislaaday, waxaana si weyn loogu adeegsaday adeegsiga nidaamka tijaabada wadista, darawalnimada aan duuliyaha lahayn, uav iyo warshadaha kale. oo uu ka gaadhay faa’iidooyin dhaqaale iyo mid bulsho oo wanaagsan.

3. Xaalada hadda iyo rajada suuqa anteenada GNSS

2018, wadarta qiimaha wax-soo-saarka dayax-gacmeedka Shiinaha iyo warshadaha adeegga goobta ayaa gaaray 301.6 bilyan YUAN, ilaa 18.3% marka la barbardhigo 2017 [2], waxayna gaari doontaa 400 bilyan yuan 2020;Sannadka 2019, wadarta qiimaha suuqa hagidda dayax-gacmeedka caalamiga ah wuxuu ahaa 150 bilyan oo Yuuro, tirada isticmaaleyaasha terminalka GNSS waxay gaareen 6.4 bilyan.Warshadaha GNSS waa mid ka mid ah warshadaha yar yar ee gashaday hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha adduunka.Wakaaladda Yurub ee GNSS ayaa saadaalisay in suuqa caalamiga ah ee hagidda dayax-gacmeedka uu labanlaabmi doono in ka badan 300 bilyan oo Yuuro tobanka sano ee soo socda, iyadoo tirada marinnada GNSS ay kordho 9.5 bilyan.

Suuqa caalamiga ah ee dayax-gacmeedka caalamiga ah, lagu dabaqo taraafikada waddooyinka, gawaarida aan duuliyaha lahayn ee meelaha sida qalabka terminalka ayaa ah 10-ka sano ee soo socota qaybta ugu koritaanka badan ee suuqa: sirdoonka, baabuurta aan duuliyaha lahayn waa jihada ugu weyn ee horumarinta, mustaqbalka mustaqbalka gaadiidka awoodda wadista otomaatiga ah Baabuurka waa in lagu qalabeeyaa anteeno GNSS ah oo sax ah, sidaa darteed baahida suuqa weyn ee anteenada GNSS wadista otomaatiga ah.Iyadoo horumarinta joogtada ah ee casriyeynta beeraha Shiinaha, isticmaalka uav ku qalabaysan anteeno meelaynta-sax-sare leh, sida uav ilaalinta dhirta, sii wadi doonaa in ay kordhiso.

4. Isbedelka horumarinta anteenada sare ee GNSS

Sanado badan oo horumarineed ka dib, tignoolajiyada kala duwan ee anteenada saxda ah ee GNSS waxay ahaayeen kuwo bislaaday, laakiin wali waxaa jira jihooyin badan oo la jebin karo:

1. Yaraynta: Yaraynta qalabka elektaroonigga ah waa isbeddel horumarineed oo weligeed ah, gaar ahaan codsiyada sida uav iyo gacanta, baahida loo qabo anteeno yar yar ayaa degdeg ah.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxqabadka anteenada waa la dhimi doonaa ka dib miniaturization.Sida loo yareeyo cabbirka anteenada iyadoo la hubinayo waxqabadka dhammaystiran waa jihada cilmi baarista ee muhiimka ah ee anteenada saxda ah.

2. Tiknoolajiyada ka-hortagga-multipath-ka: Tignoolajiyada ka-hortagga multi-multipath ee anteenada GNSS waxay inta badan ka mid tahay tignoolajiyada gariiradda choke [3], tignoolajiyada qalabka elektromagnetic ee macmalka ah [4] [5], iwm. ballac iyo kharash badan, oo aan lagu gaari karin naqshad caalami ah.Sidaa darteed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la barto tikniyoolajiyadda anti-multipath ee leh sifooyinka miniaturization iyo broadband si loo buuxiyo shuruudaha codsiyada kala duwan.

3. Multi-function: Maalmahan, marka lagu daro anteenada GNSS, in ka badan hal anteeno isgaarsiineed ayaa lagu dhex daray aalado kala duwan.Nidaamyada isgaarsiineed ee kala duwan ayaa laga yaabaa inay u horseedaan faragelin kala duwan oo calaamad u ah anteenada GNSS, taasoo saameyneysa soo dhaweynta dayax-gacmeedka caadiga ah.Sidaa darteed, naqshadeynta isku dhafan ee anteenada GNSS iyo anteenada isgaarsiinta waxaa lagu xaqiiqsadaa iyada oo loo marayo isdhexgalka hawlaha badan, iyo saameynta faragelinta u dhaxaysa anteenooyinka ayaa lagu xisaabtamayaa inta lagu jiro naqshadeynta, taas oo hagaajin karta shahaadada isdhexgalka, hagaajinta sifooyinka iswaafajinta korantada iyo hagaajinta waxqabadka mashiinka oo dhan.